Although cardiac output is measured as the flow of blood from the left ventricle into the aorta, the system that controls cardiac output includes many other components besides the heartЧитать
The Hepatic circulation is unique among vascular beds. The most obvious unique features include the dual vascular supply; the mechanism of intrinsic regulation of the hepatic artery (the hepatic arterialЧитать
Angiogenesis is the growth of blood vessels from the existing vasculature. The field of angiogenesis has grown enormously in the past 30 years, with only 40 papers published in 1980Читать
Vascular smooth muscle (VSM) constitutes most of the tunica media in blood vessels and plays an important role in the control of vascular tone. Ca2+ is a major regulator ofЧитать
Hypertension is defined by an increase in systemic blood pressure above limits considered normal, currently set at 140 mmHg for systolic and 90 mmHg for diastolic pressure. Assuming central venousЧитать
Contractility describes the relative ability of the heart to eject a stroke volume (SV) at a given prevailing afterload (arterial pressure) and preload (end-diastolic volume; EDV). Various measures of contractilityЧитать
The two kidneys of mammalian organisms receive around 25 % of the cardiac output at rest, of which only ~7 % is distributed to the renal medulla. Despite the lowЧитать
This presentation describes the unique anatomy and physiology of the vascular beds that serve the eye. The needs for an unobstructed light path from the cornea to the retina andЧитать
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is one of the most important endocrine (tissue-to-tissue), paracrine (cell-to-cell) and intracrine (intracellular/nuclear) humoral systems in the regulation of blood pressure, cardiovascular, and kidney function inЧитать
The microcirculation is highly responsive to, and a vital participant in, the inflammatory response. All segments of the microvasculature (arterioles, capillaries, and venules) exhibit characteristic phenotypic changes during inflammation thatЧитать
The circulatory system provides the tissues of the body with oxygen and nutrients for survival, allows for the dissemination of inflammatory cells, and clears metabolic waste from building up andЧитать
Platelets are essential mediators of the physiologic process of hemostasis and pathologic thrombosis. While platelets do not interact with vascular walls under normal conditions, vascular injury or inflammation result inЧитать
The acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a complex disorder associated with rapidly progressive lung inflammation, non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema, hypoxemic respiratory failure and one or more well-defined risk factors includingЧитать
Many of the mechanisms responsible for cardiovascular disease and hypertension are well known, and gender is an independent risk factor in many cohorts. How gender contributes to cardiovascular disease hasЧитать
The clinical syndrome of chronic heart failure (CHF) is the hallmark of progressive cardiac decompensation, one of the most common chronic medical conditions that affect around 2% of the adultЧитать
Pulmonary endothelium forms the inner lining of blood vessels, where it interprets the complex mechanical and chemical environment within the circulation and adjusts its behavior to facilitate vascular homeostasis. AlthoughЧитать
The coronary circulation is unique in that it is responsible for maintaining adequate oxygen and substrate delivery to the organ that generates the pressure needed to drive blood throughout theЧитать
Breathing is usually automatic and without conscious effort; yet our breathing is a complex motor function requiring the coordinated activation of a number of respiratory muscles that span from ourЧитать
The airways are lined with a film of fluid 10 μm deep that acts as the first line of defense against inhaled pathogens, dirt, and noxious vapors. Transepithelial fluid movementsЧитать
Sudden cardiac death is the leading cause of non-traumatic mortality in young (<35 years old) athletes, with recent data suggesting the incidence to be higher than what was previously estimated.Читать
Cardiac tissue engineering aims at repairing damaged heart muscle and producing human cardiac tissues for application in drug toxicity studies. This book offers a comprehensive overview of the cardiac tissueЧитать
The control of breathing during exercise remains the source of considerable debate. Classical schemes of the exercise hyperpnea have incorporated elements of proportional feed-back from chemoreceptor sites (carotid body andЧитать
Cardiorenal syndrome – the presence of significant renal insufficiency and heart failure simultaneously – constitutes one of the most vexing and difficult challenges facing clinicians and researchers today. Given theЧитать
The placenta is an organ that connects the developing fetus to the uterine wall, thereby allowing nutrient uptake, waste elimination, and gas exchange via the mother's blood supply. Proper vascularЧитать
The first comprehensive resource on transseptal catheterization. Although the transseptal technique was described half a century ago, it has remained essentially unchanged. Recent advances in cardiac electrophysiology and left heartЧитать
Exercise is the act of increasing metabolic rate for the purpose of enhancing physical fitness. Exercise can be one of the most stressful physiological responses that the body undertakes. WithЧитать
Perinatal cardiology is an important developing field as high quality ultrasound is used on a growing number of pregnant women, and diagnosis prior to birth will become a more commonЧитать
This book applies practical clinical concepts to the latest four-stage model of heart failure from preclinical risk and early asymptomatic disease to classic symptomatic heart failure and finally advanced heartЧитать
The field of robotic surgery is dynamic and fascinating. Surgical robots currently perform a wide range of procedures across a diverse group of specialties, and they have proven to exhibitЧитать
Anxious for your first ECG? Know everything that you need to know in this quick study guide. Whether you are the patient or the professional conducting the test, this guideЧитать
